Electrical musical instrument



Sept. 29, 1936. R C, FlsHER '2,055,719

ELECTRICAL MUSICL INSTRUMENT Filed July 20, 1932 4 Sheets--Sheet` l 19 20 @L www 13T@ T' 2l IIN-lum NVENTQR /fj//nmd K. Fis/fer- ATTORNEY Sept. 29, 1936. R. c. FISHER 2,055,719

ELECTRICAL MUSLCAL NSTRUMENT Filed July 20, 1932 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 V A ATTORNEY Sept. 29, 1936. R. c. FISHER ELECTRICAL MUSIQAL INSTRUMENT Filed July 20, 1952 4 Sheets-Sheet ."5

NVENTOR ay/)m/m C. 534er, BY M far-a ATTORNEY Sept. 29, 1936. R, C, FlsHER 2,055,719

ELECTRICAL MUSICAL INSTRUMENT Filed July 20, 1952 sheets-sheet 4 Patented S'ept. v29, 1936 UNITED STATES PATENT oFFicE 83 Claims.

This invention relates to the art of producing musical tones by electrical means. It has application to musical instruments played manually tained tones, but can also, for example, imitate lthe rather sudden onset and gradual dying away of a piano tone. At the same time, and in the same instrument, it can, moreover, create new 20 tonal effects such as cannot be produced by any mechanical or pneumatic means. Its possibilities for the development of the music of the future are thus very great.

, history oi music that musical composition and 25 technique have progressed largely according to,

and in response to, the invention of instruments for the performance of music.

Another object of the invention is to provide an instrument which can modulate a radio trans- 30 mitter or transmit music by wire, without the intermediary, between instrument and ether, or

instrument and wire, oi a microphone. 'I'he advantages in freedom from room reverberation,

unwanted sounds produced in theroom where the microphone is located, improper balance between the various voices of an instrument due to unfavorable placing of the microphone relative to certain portions of the instrument, etc., are

scarcely to be overrated. These difiiculties arise c *40 particularly in rooms which have not been specially treated acoustically to make them suitable for broadcasting.

Another object is to provide an instrument which can, as has been said, be operated either '.45 manually or automatically.

A fourth object is to free the musician from the dimculties which arise when, as lfrequently occurs, his instrument gets out of tune. It will appear later that, in the .present invention,

50 so long as the speed of the'driving motor incorporated in it is held constant, which is not at all a diillcult matter, the instrument cannot possibly get out of tunef. Also, the pitch relationship between any two tones which it is capa- 55 ble of producing must remain constant regardless It has been the,

RBSSUED.

of temperature, humidity, or age or fatigue of its parts, so long as they do not actually break. In the piano, as is well known, the pitch tends to drop with age, due to the stretching'or slipping of the strings. The organ likewise changes in l pitch with every change in temperature, and usually its various pipes do not all change by the same amount.

'Ihe invention has as a fifth object to make possible the building of an instrument which is simple, compact, low in, first cost and maintenance expense, and lightin weight, particularly as compared with the pipe organ. I believe that there is a need for such an instrument, particularly for installation in homes, hotels, l5 cafes, undertaking establishments, and the like, and more especially in those already constructed wherein no provision has been made for an instrument having the bulk of a pipe organ.

The pipe organ has been called a one-man orchestra". 'Ihis is inaccurate insofar as the organ fails, as it ygenerally does, in imitating accurately the tonal peculiarities of orchestral instruments. Nor is it an easy task to so construct the organ that it can accurately imitate them. The conditionsunder which the tone is produced being diierent in the original instrument and in the organ, and the reasons for the different tonal qualities of different types of organ pipes being imperfectly understood, the process oi' designing an organ pipe to have a certain desired tone quality is of necessity largely an experimental and empirical one. On the other hand, the instrument constructed according to this invention is capable of synthesizing any of a very wide variety of tone qualities out of the component partials which exist in the tone oi' l the orchestral or other instrument which it is desired to imitate. This will be explained more in detail later. In addition, one instrument ac- 40 cording to this invention is capable oi taking the place of many instruments simultaneously, and can be constructed more cheaply than the many instruments it displaces.

It is possible to connect many keyboards with one such instrument, thus enabling a number of musicians to simultaneously play on the same instrument. Since the volume'of sound associated with any one keyboard can be varied through very wide limits, it is possible, for example,y for one musician, at one keyboard, to take the place of all the fiutists and of all ofl their utes, in a large symphony orchestra. In addition, and simultaneously, other musicians at other keyboards 55 would be taking the place of other groups of instruments in the orchestra.

It is quite generally conceded that a melody I which can be played, for example, on a flute, an

The production, for laboratory and other uses,

of alternating electric currents and voltages of accurately controllable frequency and wave form, is another purpose of this invention. It is well known to researchers in the electrical eld that this has hitherto been a task of considerable importance, but one diilicult or impossible to achieve, according to the degree of accuracy of wave form demanded.

It is well known (see Websters Unabridged Dictionary, under the wordA tone", in sense 2a),

that sustained musical tones are characterized by their pitch, timbre, and intensity, and that their timbre is determined by the proportions of so-called partials which they contain. Hence a sustained musical tone of any desired timbre or quality can be synthesized by simultaneously producing several component sound waves of the proper relative pitches and intensities. In the present instrument, periodic variations of electric current or voltage are produced and, with or without intermediate electric circuits, are caused to operate a telephone receiver, usually a loudspeaking receiver, and often more than one.

It is by no means necessary that the loudspeakl er which is operated be connected by wires with the part of the apparatus which originates the alternating currents and voltages. The latter could, for example, be used to modulate a radio telephone transmitter, in which case the loudspeaker might be a part of a radio receiver. Nevertheless, the primary purpose of the invention is the production of musical tones; that is, of tones characterized by definite pitch and timbre.

In brief, my invention contemplates the production of alternating electric currents and electromotive forces of a greater or less degree of complexity, which are subsequently amplified and caused to operate a loudspeaker or telephone receiver, which terms, as I use them throughout this application, include the electrostatic loudspeaker or receiver, the. electrodynamic loudspeaker, the magnetic loudspeaker, the piezoelectric loudspeaker, and, in fact, all devices'for converting or translating varying electric currents or voltages into sound waves. In addition, the invention includes means for controlling the volumes, the pitches, and the timbres of the various components comprising the sound.

I am well aware that United States Letters Patent for means designed for accomplishing generally similar ends have already been granted to others. I believe, however, that my invention has the advantages of a degree of simplicity, compactness and inexpensiveness of construction greater than are possessed by any of these other inventions whose musical possibilities are comparable. 'Ihe simplicity Aof the variable condenser as a source oi alternating electromotive force is mainly responsible for this. So far as I am aware, noone has ever before employed. variable condensers for originating musical tones of a particular desired waveform, or, as may be better stated, of any prescribed waveform, (I do not mean to include in this statement the reproduction of musical tones) or of the electric currents which are their electric analogues. Electric cur.- rents and voltages are quite readily, cheaply and faithfully amplified by vacuum tube amplilers of modern design, a fact which makes possible the utilization for musical purposes of the rather feeble voltages generated by variable condensers.

With the above and other objects and advantages in view, this invention has particular relation to certain novel features of construction, operation, arrangement of parts and methods of use, examples of which will be given in this specication and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein:

Fig. 1 illustrates, diagrammatically, one preferred simple form of the invention;

Fig. Zfrepresents a simplified diagram of the circuit of Fig. 1, including only those parts of Fig. 1 which are operative when certain key and stop contacts are closed and certain other contacts are open;

Fig. 3 shows a still further simplified schematic circuit, electrically equivalent to that of Fig. 1;

Fig. 4 shows a schematic circuit of a simple form of the invention, in which are employed a high-frequency source and a detector;

Fig. 5 illustrates schematically a part of the invention, different in certain respects froni that in Fig. 1;

Figs. 6, 6a and 6b show schematically, means for controlling the rate at which the volume of sound increases to a maximum and yagain dies away,

after a key of the instrument is pressed;

Figs. 7 and 8 illustrate still other ways of accomplishing roughly the same ends as does the circuit of Fig. 6;

Fig. 9 shows a type of volume control having certain advantages; y

Fig. 10 illustrates in plan mechanical details showing the tone bands used when electrostatic means are used for the production of musical tones, together with the mechanism which drives them, the prime mover, and the speed-control apparatus.

Fig. 10a is a side elevation of the same parts;

Figs. 11 and 1la show two forms of stator plates;

Fig. 11? shows a variable condenser for producing irregular wave shapes;

Fig. 12 shows a condenser of a modified form illustrated diagrammatically at I in Fig. 6b.

Like numerals designate the'. same parts throughout the specification.

Referringl to the circuit shown in Fig. 3, 2l is a source of unvarying electromotive force, such as a dry battery, 22 is a resistance, and 23 is an electrostatic condenser. If the capacitance of the condenser is caused to vary, thel quantity of electricity stored in it will vary, and there will be a variation of a negative reactance and current in the circuit and a voltage drop in the resistance. It is on a similar principle that the usual condenser microphone operates. 'I'he voltage drop in resistance 22 resulting from the current init is applied to the input terminals of an amplifier 24. The electrical output energy of the amplifier is made to operate a telephone receiver or loud,- speaker 25.

The circuit or network used in one form of the invention forming the subject of this application is illustrated in Fig. 1. Its operation will be exspasms plained by showing that it is electrically equivalent to the circuit of Flg. 3. Notwithstanding this electrical equivalence, which applies to the two diagrammatic circuits only, the invention forming the subject of this application differs from" the condenser microphone and its associated circuits in several important respects. In the first place the capacitances of this invention are varied mechanically as, for example, by rotation by an electric motor instead of acoustically, as in the microphone. In the second place, if I am to have acceptable musical effects or practical control over wave-form or frequency, I must provide means for selecting certain condensers, or combinations, as wanted. This may, as has already been said, be accomplished manually, or automatically from a music roll or the like. In the third place, it is the purpose of the condenser microphone to reproduce sound, `whereas the present invention produces or originates sound. The microphone sets up electric currents and voltages which are replicas of the sound waves lmpinglng upon it, whereas the type of variation,

of the currents and voltages in the present invention arev not replicas of sounds produced simultaneously by sound sources external to the invention.

By waveform, I mean to refer to the curve expressing a capacitance, a current, a voltage, or the like as a. function of time. By originating a waveform, I mean that the waveform has its inception in the apparatus, not externally in an automatically-made recording of a previously executed sound, such as a phonograph record, and not from sound waves in free space arriving from outside the apparatus as in the condenser microphoneabove discussed. In other words, my invention operates actively to originate the waveform, not passively to reproduce a waveform having its origin elsewhere.

In the invention as arranged for use in a musivcal instrument, the desired tones are probably most readily turned on by means of a keyboard similar to that of a piano, and the timbre controlled by means of stops like those of a pipe organ. Whereas the condenser microphone consists of a single condenser in most cases, there are l in certain forms of the present instrument a number of variable condensers; in some forms there is one for each fundamental tone which I wish the instrument to be capable of producing, and one for each of the overtones.

In Fig. l is schematically illustrated one form which this invention might assume. It is obviously necessary to be able to control the'relative intensity of the various partials of a tone, as

mentioned above, if I am to select any timbre at will. Since Fig. l is illustrative only, it shows an instrument with three notes, three partials lto' each note (fundamental and two harmonicsl, and two stops. A schematic view including additional notes and stops will show additionally appropriate duplications of these and will make the instrument more intricate, but not more difficult to understand. Variable condensers I, 4 and I respectively produce, for example, middle C, the D above, and the E above that. Condensers 2, 5 and 8 produce respectively the octave (that is, the first harmonic overtone) of middle C, the octave of the fundamental D just mentioned, and

the octave of the fundamental Ejust mentioned.

condensers 3,. i and S produce respectively the second harmonic overtone of middle C (an octave and a fifth interval above middle C), the second harmonic overtone of the fundamental D, and

the second harmonic overtone of the fundamental E. A preferred mechanical form of these variable condensers will be described hereinafter.

If stop I9 be closed through contacts I3`, Il and I5, fixed condensers- I3', I4' and I5' will be corinected in the circuit. It will be noted that condenser I3' is connected to the second-harmonic condensers 3, 8 and 9. Hence its electrostatic capacitance determines the magnitude of current in the circuit of second-harmonic frequency. Likewise condenser I4' determines the magnitude of first-harrnonic current, and I5 determines that of thefundamental current. Stop 23, if closed through contacts I6, I1 and I8,l would connect fixed condensers I6', I1' and I8', which may be respectively of different capacitances from I3', I4' and I5' and may accordingly give partials having different magnitudes relative to one another. Thus a different timbre may result from closing stop 20 from that which follows the closing of I9. Obviously from Ohms law, the a1- ternating current impedances of each of the parts I3 to I8' must in general be materially greater than the internal impedances of the circuit meshes which they form in conjunction with any one of their associated variable condensers as a source, and part 22 as a sink, if they are to limit the current through themselves -sufiiciently to perform their task of determining the timbre.

It should be mentioned that condensers III', I4', I5', IB', I1 and I8 should be slightly leaky, and condensers I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 8 and 9 should be well insulated. Otherwise a. maximum polarizing or exciting voltage from the battery 2I will not exist across condensers I to 9, andthe variation in charge due to their capacitance variations will be feeble or lacking.

Numerals I0", Il', and I2' indicate the key note (with proper tone quality or timbre as selected by closing a suitable stop) will be sounded.

As a result of the variation of the capacltances in the Qcircuit, alternating currents flow in the resistance or other coupling element 22. The potential drops set up therein are amplified by theamplier 24 (usually a vacuum tube amplifier) and the resultant amplifier output is made to operate the loudspeaker or telephone receiver 25.

To further explain the operationJand-action of the instrument, let me assume that key II and stop I9 are closed. This brings Ainto play variable condensers 4, 5 and 6, and also fixed condensers I3', I4' and I5'. Provided the stray electrostatic capacitances between other key and stop contacts and also between wires, etc., in the apparatus are negligible, condensers I, 2, 3, 1, 3, 9, I6', I1' and I8' are not operative. Hence the part of the circuit which is used may be redrawn as shown in Fig. 2. This circuit can be further simplified to that of Fig. 3, if the observation is made that condensers 4, 5, 6, I3', Il@ and I5' are electrically equivalent to a single condenser 23 (Fig. 3) whose capacitance varies in a complicated manner. IIf other keys or stops had been.

operated, I should have had to represent the 1n addition, ma. 2 d a antw one mnner 'ns `able coupling element, 22

in which the alternating currents produced by the action of the variable condensers are made to produce sound. These alternating currents ow through coupling resistance 22, just as in Fig. 1, and produce across it potential drops having the same frequencies as have the currents. Across resistance 22 are connected the input terminals of a vacuum tube amplifier. To the output terminals of this amplifier is connected a loudspeaker or telephone receiver, whose function it is to convert thev amplied electrical energy into sound waves.

One practicable means of controlling the volume of sound emitted by the loudspeaker is to make resistance 22 in the form of a potentiometer. The portion of resistance 22 which is shunted by the amplifier input terminals is variable and thus a greater or lesser fraction of the total IR drop in element 22 may be amplified and introduced to the sound translating device.

Another form of the invention is illustrated by Fig. l if I let symbols I3 to I8' inclusive represent fixed or manually variable resistors instead of condensers. Resistors can be -made to regulate the relative magnitude of the partials of a tone, just as condensers can.

In Fig. 4 isv illustrated still another form which the invention may assume. Like numbers represent the same components as they do in Fig. l. In addition, 26 is a source of high-frequency or supersonic current. This diagram shows an instrument' without stops and with` but one key and one variable'condenser. 'I'he method of connecting other keys and variable condensers and stops is analogous, or may be analogous, to that of Fig. 1, the .chief diierence between the two figures being that one uses a battery and the other a high-frequency or supersonic source. 'I'he source 26 sets up a high-frequency current (assuming that it is a high-frequency source) in the circuit consisting of resistor or other suitand condenser 23 in series. The amplitude' of this current is dependent upon the capacitance of condenser 23, and hence as the latter varies, the amplitude of the current and also the high-frequenecy potential drop in resistor 22 vary in synchronism with it. This modulated high-frequency potential drop is detected by detector 2l in the manner common in radio receivers.' The low-frequency output of detector 21 sets up a potential drop across the potentiometer 28, which is also a volume control. This potential drop is amplied. by amplifier 24 and fed to telephone receiver or loudspeaker 25.

There are other ways in which a high-frequency source can be used in conjunction with a condenser or condensers variable by mechanical means for the production of musical sounds.

' Fig. 4 illustrates only one such Way.

' possible circuit for accomplishing this. In thisl things as in preceding figures.

The relative intensities of fundamental and overtones can be controlled by controlling the amount of directv electromotive -force from the battery which is applied to the various variable condensers. Fig. 5 illustrates schematically one ligure, most of the numerals represent the same In general, the resistors just-mentioned are not all of the same resistance. Let me assume that key contacts I0', I0" and Itl" are all closed by depressingv the key associated with them, and that stop I9 is also closed with stop 20 open. There will be a certain difference of direct potential resident upon condensers I, v2 and 3 as a result. That on I will be dependent upon the electromotive force of source 2| and also upon the pairs of resistors are voltage dividers gradually cut out of Vshow in Fig. 6.

, relative resistances of the resistors 44 and 50. In

a like manner, that on 2 will be dependent upon the relative resistances of the resistors 43 and 49, and that on 3 will be dependent upon the relative resistances of 42 and 48. It is seen that these whose purpose it is to select a certain part of the total electromotive force of source 2|. When the capacitances of condensers I, 2 and 3 are made to vary cyclically, the variable components of the charges on them are proportional to the direct potential diierences'on them, and so the relative strength of the three partials of the composite tone is under control.

Suppose now that both stops I9 and 20 are closed. By this, resistors 42 and 45 are thrown in parallel connection; likewise 43 and 46, and 44 and 41. The direct potential diierences on condensers I, 2 and 3 are now greater than before, and the strengths of the partials which they contribute to the composite tone are also greater.

'Ihe condenser at 5I is rather large in capacitance, as compared with the variable ones. It is necessary under certain conditions to insure a. quasi-linear circuit withresultant freedomjor comparative freedom, from unwanted frequencies `in the circuit. These frequencies can be mathematically shown to exist to an objectionable degree in the absence of condenser 5I, es

pecially when the resistancel'of resistor 22 is very high.

'I'he reduction of the resistance gives what I term a quasi-linear circuit. The increase-of capacitance gives what I term a distortionless circuit, which is a particular kind of quasilinear circuit. l

On the keys or switches I show upper contacts. These are desirable at times for the purpose of short-circuiting the variable condensers with which they are associated, so that these condensers cannot produce in the circuit, in cooperation with stray capacitances or leakage, alternating currents of the frequency with which they vary, at times when such frequencies are not wanted. This shortcircuit is by a path including a particular upper contact, and the conductor 64 at the left-hand side of the gure.

' Fig. 5 does not show the amplier and loudspeaker, since these may be connected to resistor 22 in the same manner as in preceding gures.

I have found by experiment that in certain cases the onset of a tone, when no special means I0, Hand I2, Fig. 5,

are employed to avoid this, may be unpleasantly sudden when a pair of key contacts are closed. The eiect on the ear is quite similar to the striking of a bell. Although this is perhaps desirable for certain startling musical eects, it is also desirable to provide means for effecting a less abrupt onset and a less abrupt decay of the tone as well.

' One such means is illustrated in Fig. 6. Instead of closing the circuit by means of a single pair of contacts like those of'previous figures, a number of `contacts I 0f are provided, which are connected to taps on a resistor 52 as shown. As the right-hand end of the key rises, resistance is the circuit, and the tone starts gradually. Also, it ceases gradually when the key is released.

, An alternative method, having the advantage of freedom from a lmultiplicity of contacts, I lHere, the contact I0 closes the circuit tlrst through' high resistance 66 and the 75 tone sounds faintly due to the alternating current voltage drop in 88. Since the lower part of this contact is mounted on a spring, the key can continue to rise while the contact remains made. As the key continues to rise, however, condenser plates 85 and 1I approach each other and form an alternating current shunt around 66. The onset and cessation of tone aregradual here also. In Fig. 6b', I villustrate another means for securing a gradual onset and dying out of a tone of any given pitch. 'I'his particular form is sometimes desirable in order to imitate other musical instruments, such as the piano. If, in series with any key contact III and thesource of direct E. M. F. 2i, there be connected a resistor 52, and if a condenser 53 be placed in the circuit as shown, then when contact I is closed, the direct potential drop across variable condenser I will not rise instantaneously, but at a controle iable rate, dependent upon the electrical magnitudes of elements 52 and 53. Thus an unpleasantiy sharp onset of tone may be obviated or a gradual swelling in loudness may be effected,

which has great musical possibilities. During the release of the key, contact III" is preferably made before III' is broken. When contact I0" is closed and III' open, then, provided the 'sostenuto switch 55 is closed, condenser 53 discharges gradually through contact I0", switch B5, and resistor 54. Since the rate of dying away is dependent upon the resistance of 54 and the capacitance of 53, it can be controlled by varying the resistor 54. The circuit elements 54 and 55 may be operated by a stop or pedal which also bears'contacts for other switches'controlling condensers similar to 53, but connected to others of the variable condensers in the instrument. When resistor 54 has avery low resistance, the tone ceases inmediately upon releasingthe key, just as the tone of the -piano does when the lsustaining pedal is not depressed. With 55 open, 53 will discharge only via leakage paths, and hence the tone may be sustained for a very long time, until the pedal is released.

As compared with the present invention, the piano has the disadvantage that its tones die away slowly, even when the keys are held down. This is, of necessity, the case in any percussion instrument unless some sostenuto device be added to it.

In Fig. 7, I illustrate a type of key and action which accomplishes what the circuit of Fig. 6 does, and more besides.

When key lever 62 is operated, the upright piece 63 on its right-hand end is raised. It strikes condenser plate 65 and raises it, together with the dash pot piston B', attached to it. This closes stick contact 60; the circuit through battery 2l, resistor 22. and variable condenser I is completed, and the tone produced by the cyclic variation of condenser I begins vto sound. It does not sound loudly, however, for the resistance of 6l to the alternating current is'considerable. However, plate 85 continues to swing upward due to its inertia to a position alongside stationary condenser plate 1I. Both are shown in side elevation, and the clearance between the two, when plate 65 is raised, is a few hundredths of an inch only- 'I'his condenser composed of parts 65 and 1I, with-air dielectric, shunts the audio frequency currents around resistor 66, and the note becomes loud. Its loudness is dependent upon the vcapacitance between members 05 and 1I, which is in turn dependent upon how hard a blow member 65 receives from the key lever and its consequent excursion upward.

Thevalves 1I) on the dashpot permits the condenser plate to moveupward with freedom, because it is designed to open for the upward motion of the piston. As the condenser plate falls again, however, valve closes. If the pedalcontrolled valve 61 or the key-controlled valve 61* is closed, the plate very gradually returns to its lowest position,'and just before it reaches it, contact 69 reopens. All is again in readiness for playing the same note once more. The descent of 65 is slow.- unless both valves 61 and 81* are open. The rate of descent is controllable by opening valve 61 more or less widely by suitably operating pedal 68.`

In Fig. 8, I illustrate another type of mechanism which accomplishes the same thing as that of Fig. 7, but has certain advantages over it. All

similarly-numberedv com ponents are like those of Figf 7, and perform identical functions. Instead of a dashpot, however, this device utilizes a rotating shaft 14. The speed at which pulley 12,

with its ratchet 13, is rotated by prime mover 32 is dependent upon the tightness of the belt 15 between them, which is under the control of foot pedal 68. When the pedal is not pressed, the idler pulley 12S keeps the belt taut, and pulley 12 rotates with its maximum speed. When the key lever 62 rises it strikes condenser plate 65 and causes it to rise to a height dependent upon the force of the blow which it imparts to it, just as in Fig. 7. In addition, it raises stop 13h into contact with ratchet wheel 13e. The friction between parts 13a and 13b is greater than that between 13 and the shaft with which it has just been rotating. Its rotation is stopped, then, as long as the key is depressed, even though r,the shaftvmay go on rotating.

When condenser plate 65 has risen to the top of its arc of motion, the pawl 13 which it carries engages ratchet wheel 13, and it remains in that position until the key is again released, ratchet wheel 13 resumes its rotation, and plate 65 falls. asfast as the rapid rotation of the shaft will permit. The capacitance between 65 and 1I becomes less and less during the fall, decreasing the volume of the tone rapidly but not instantaneously, and finally contact 69 breaks when plate 65 has come again to nearly its lowest position.

If the shaft with which ratchet 13"L rotatesis made to rotate slowly or to stop altogether, by reason of pedal 68 being depressed, the tone will be prolonged after key lever 62 has been released. The length of time the tone is prolonged depends upon the rate of rotation of the shaft, which can be controlled through wide limits by depressing pedal 68 to varying distances. When the pedal 68 is released, the shaft and ratchet resume their rapid rotation almost immediately, thus permitting 65 to fall and contact 89 to break.

It is evident that pedal 68 performs for the present invention just what the loud pedal does for the piano. It serves to maintain or prolong the tone after the key has been released, for a shorter or longer interval. In the present case, the pedal can prolong the tone indefinitely, whereas in the piano, the tone can persist only during the intervals when the strings are able to continue their vibration. However, it is unnecessary to prolong the tone indefinitely if one chooses not to, for condenser plate 65 may be made to return at any desired rate to its position of rest, according to how far pedal 68 is depressed. If the direction of rotation of the ratchetsbe reversed, a tone may be made to increase in` volume after having been sounded, thus producing a dynamic effect new to the art of music, and of great value to the composer and performer.

It is to be understood that an instrument having a plurality of keys like 62 will also have a plurality of condenser plates, contacts like 69, and ratchet mechanisms like 13. There will be one common shaft for the entire keyboard; one pulley like 12, and also one idler pulley like12.

It has been found by experiment that even 'trained musicians cannot distinguish between the tones of certain musical linstruments in case they cannot hear the onset or end of the tone. It is seen, therefore, that the onset and ending are characteristic of an instrument, and means for varying these, particularly the former, are desirable if a wide variety of musical eilects, both imitative and new, are to be attained. It has been further discovered that, if the higher harmonics of a tone attain their full amplitude appreciably before the fundamental and lower harmonics, the effect is that of an explosive" onset; on the other hand, `if the higher harmonics are later than the lower ones, the onset is apparently a smooth and gradual one.

A convenient way of accomplishing this is to mount the lower contacts of switches l0', Il', l2', Fig. 5, on a table or tables IIB, which can be slightly tilted by means of a stop IIb. Since this is, practically speaking, a. part of the switch, it has been given the same number Il, as has the switch in Fig. 5. No tables or stops are shown at switches l0 and I2', since these might be identical with the table and stop IlEL and IIb, and in any case they would be of similar construction. If stop Hb is raised, the lower contact of switch Il will be made first when key Il is pressed, other contacts will follow sequentially, and contact I l will be made last. Assuming that the variable condenser 4 is producing the funda-v mental tone and 6 the second harmonic, the onset of tone would be a comparatively gradual one. On the other hand, if stop Hb were pressed down, the part H'" wouldfflrst make contact, and the onset would be more sudden.

In Fig. 9, I illustrate another type of volume control whiclrI have found valuable. 56 represents the plate of one `of the vacuum tubes of an audio amplifier. 51 represents the grid of the next succeedingl tube.A 58 is an audio-frequency transformer. The primary and secondary windings of the transformer are connected respectively to the plate and grid, 56 and 51. The other terminals of the transformer may return to the plate voltage Asupply and to the grid bias supply in any one of several different manners, as is well known to those skilled in the application of vacuum tubes for amplifying purposes.

Across the primary winding of transformer 58, as shown, is shunted .a branch circuit consisting of a resistance 69, inductance and condenser 8| in series. The values .of resistance, capacitance, and inductance are so chosen that the branch circuit resonates at about 3,000 cycles. Resistance 59 is variable and its manipulation regulates the volume of tone from the telephone receiveror other sound emitter connected to thefamplier output. Such a volume control as this has the property that it decreases the volume of tones in the neighborhood of 3,000 cycleslmore rapidly, as the resistance of coil 59 is de'eased, than it decreases the volume of tones of substantialy lower or higher frequency.

`and should moreover exhibit a 'I'he advantage of this is explainedfbelow. The frequency selective volume control shown in Fig. 9 may be used either with or without other means of volume control.

It is evident that such a volume control would work in the same manner if connected similarly to an amplifier having resistance or other type of coupling between successive amplifying audions. Or it might be connected elsewhere in the circuit than in the amplifier as, for example, in shunt to the loudspeaker. It is to beV understood that my invention comprises all such locations for the control and that it may be used either with or without other means of volume control, its connection to the interstage transformer being illustrative only. Its essential features are that it-is a shunt consisting of resistance, inductance and capacitance in series, that it is placed somewhere in the circuit between the source oi alternating E. M. F. and the translating device or other output mechanism, and that it attenuates certain tones more markedly relative to others for low volumes of output than it does for high volumes, said tones discriminated againstat the low volumes being in that range whereto the human ear is most sensitive.

On page 230, in Fig. 109 oi' Speech and Hearing, by Harvey Fletcher, 1929 edition, there is illustrated a chart showing the contour lines of equal loudness, as judged by ear, for pure tones. 'I'he meaning of the chart is explained in the context. 'Ihese contour lines show that the average human ear has a maximum sensitivity for sounds in the neighborhood of 3,000 cycles, and that as the energy content of a pure tone decreases the apparent loudness also decreases. However, it is evident from the greater curvature of the lower graphs in the chart that the apparent loudness decreases less rapidly for tones oi about 3,000 cycles than for tones of lower or higher frequencies.

The type of volume control illustrated in Fig. 9 is capable, if properly constructed, of quite satisfactorily compensating for this fact, inasmuch as lt cuts down the intensity of the 3,000 cycle output of the amplifier more rapidly than that of other frequencies. Thus the important result follows, that the apparent loudness of all pitches of tone remains about constant, whether the instrument is emitting a loud or soft tone.

There is the added fact that low-pitched tones mask those of higher pitch, and that this masking eiect is more serious at high -volume than at low volume. This also is discussed in the text` above mentioned.v This masking effect is another reason for the desirability ofthe abovedescribed frequency-selective volume control.

It would not be out of place here to include a I pitch of a tone emitted, and the apparent loudness, to the average human ear, of that tone. It would appear that all tones, whatever their pitch, should produce to the ear substantially the same loudness. A'n instrument designed according to this assumption should be free from objectionable masking of certain tones by other tones, pleasing balance between bass and. treble. In the parlance ol' organ-builders, such an instrument wouldJ be properly voiced Oi' course this definition of proper voicing applies only to tones under the control of a given keyboard. If there is more than one keyboard, it may be desirable to play the tones on one of these at a hlghervolume than 75 the tones of another, so that, for example, the melody can be made to stand out.

It is not always the case that a given amplier and loudspeaker give tones of uniform apparent loudness, irrespective of pitch, for a given electromotive force applied to the input terminals` of the amplifier. For this reason, it may be desirable to so design the amplier or speaker so that this loudness is apparently uniform. Another means for accomplishing the same end is to so design that portion of thedevice which produces the alternating E. M. F. applied to the amplifier that the apparent loudness is independent of pitch of fundamental tone. One way in which this may be accomplished is to regulate the dimensions of the several variable condensers in the input circuit of Fig. 1. It is obvious that, the smaller the change in capacitance as afunction of time, the less will be the alternating electromotive force which it pro- (luces. Another method is to increase the minimum and maximum values of capacitance of a -given condenser, maintaining the difference between thesetwo values constant. I am referring, of course, to the minimum and maximum values which are assumed by the capacitance of the variable condenser as it varies periodically. It can be shown that, under proper conditions, this will serve to decrease the alternating electromotive force. Still other methods are the insertion of alternating current impedance in series with the variable condenser, so that there will be an A. C drop or loss of E. M. F.

therein, andthe lowering-of the direct or highfrequency voltage impressed across the" condenser in question. In the latter case, the alternating electromotive force which the condenser is able to impress on the amplifier input terminals is lowered in the same proportion as the supply voltage is lowered, and becomes zero when this voltage is zero.

While the foregoing discussion has been chiefly confined to the use of the invention as a musical instrument or apart of one, it has been shown that, in order to produce musical tones, it is first necessary to produce alternating electric currents of controllable audio frequency and waveform.

Obviously, alternating currents, either with or.

without amplication, can be used for purposes other than the production of musical tones. The use of alternating currents of controllable frequency and waveform in electrical laboratories is one such other purpose. It has been considered unnecessary to show special diagrams of the invention in uses other than the production of musical tones, since these diagrams might be identical with those already exhibited. In general, an alternating current source for other purposes than the production of musical tones would be simpler than the musical instrument, for quite frequently the device need .vpoduce `but one frequencyV at a time rather than a plurality, as is the case in most A musical instruments constructed. after this invention. Moreover, oftener than not, the provision f special means for regulating thetype of onset and dying away of a current will be unnecessary for other than musical purposes. These differences in detail (though not in principle) will be apparent to skilled electrical research workers. It will suilice to point out that, in one form of the invention as applied to these other uses, numerals Il to II in Fig. 1 would represent switch contacts instead of key contacts and stop contacts.

Reference has been made in the foregoing to variable condensers which generate the alternat-l ing voltages and currents as desired. These have been indicated to be ofvsuch form that each by itself generates a sinusoidal component of electromotive force or current. In this case, each condenser would be of s uch construction that its capacitance varies substantially according to a sinusoidal law. The functions of several condensers can, under certain conditions in practice, be economically combined into one condenser. In such case, the capacitance of a single condenser would vary cyclically, it is true, but not necessarily according to a simple sine law. My invention has application also to such more complicated laws of variation of capacitance. If condensers which are like that of Figure 11, to be explained later, and which have irregular non-sinusoidal edges, are used in the circuit of Figure 1 or Figure 5, the result will of course be that non-sinusoidal currents will be combined in the circuit bythe selectors. All condensers of a group, as I, 2, and I, may produce the same fundamental frequency but each may produce a different waveform.

Many variants are possible in the construction and `electrical connections to the plurality of variable condensers. Without limiting my invention thereto, I illustrate in Figs. and 10 a preferred mechanical form and arrangement of parts. Only a portion of the entire device is shown, since other partsy will be for the purpose of-producing other overtones and fundamental tones of other pitches. There is no real need of showing the various parts in extreme detail and in their entirety, and to exact scale. The details may differ through rather wide limits without rendering the device inoperative or altering the principle of its operation.

I illustrate a set of three cylindrical rotating.

members 29, which I term sprockets. In more complicated forms of the invention, there may be thirty or more of these. All are mounted on the v photographic film in a motion picture projector. I

Each band carries on that one of its two surfaces which does not contact with its sprocket, a number of uniformly spaced metallic projections 3 I, which I term scanning electrodes. These extend across the bands and project slightly above their surfaces. Each band travels for a certain distance beneath a stationary insulating member 34. It is to be noted-that the insulating material is so disposed that it is substantially free from shifting electrostatic flux. The band is constrained to travel in a definite path, without whipping, weaving, etc. Attached to the insulating member 34 there are a number of plane metallic plates or electrodes which are accordingly insulated from one another. These I term stator plates. Insulating plate 3| is represented as broken away, so as to reveal more of the bands 30 with their electrodes.

one of the electrodes moves along under the 8 stator plates, it'travels at a uniform rate of speed at a xed distance from them, perhaps one onehundredth of an inch, but does not touch them.

The width or dimension of an electrode, Ineasthe center line of the electrode is opposite Vthe widest part of a stator plate like that in Fig. 11,

there is amaximum capacitance between the two; when opposite the narrowest part, there is a minimum of capacitance. If one edge of the stator plate is in the form of a sinusoidal curve and the other Iedge is straight, and the distance between electrode and plate remains constantes the former moves along at a uniform rate of speed. then the capacitance varies with time in a simple-harmonic fashion. 'I'he length of each plate, and the spacing of electrodes is such that, Just as one electrode is leaving the plate at one end, the next is approaching it at the other; in other words, theelectrodes are spaced on centers whose distance apart is equal to the length of a plate. Each electrode then, as it passes a given stator, causes as many complete cycles of variation of capacitance as there are complete cycles in the edge of the stator, and when one electrode has caused that many cycles of change of capacitance, the next has arrived, just in time to generate that same number of cycles again, without any interruption or irregularity in the continuous cyclic variation of capacitance, except as mentioned below where the necessity for one abnormal space between electrodes on each band is mentioned as frequently unavoidable. The electrode, in passing a plate like that shown in Fig. l1, will generate one complete sinusoidal wave of capacitance variation; in passing a plate like that in Fig. 11e, it will generate two complete cycles of double the frequency generated with the plate shown in Fig. l1.

I have found that, by using twenty-four bands, 523 different frequencies can be generated, which represent all fundamental tones of the chromatic scale, together with the rst fteen harmonics -of each, from C of 32 cycles (scientific pitch). to

C of 8192 cycles, except that harmonic frequencies above 8550 cycles are omitted as unnecessary to the production of successful 'musical eects. The entire system of sprockets, bands, and stator plates may be housed in a box roughly one foot by five feet in dimensions.

' In order that the condenser capacitances may be continuously varied, the sprocketsare all mounted on and rotated by a. single shaft, and driven, or actuated, by a single electric motor or other prime mover 32. The speed of this motor may be regulatedvto the requisite degree of accuracy by a governor 35, which may be of any suitable type. Suitable governors have already been invented by others, and it is not my purpose to apply for a patent `on any prime mover' or speed governor, but only to seek to patent their application to the invention `described in this speciilcation and claimed as novel in the appended claims.

This invention has application to any musical scale or system of temperament. However, in

orderto produce all of the tones of an evengeneral bear irrational ratios to one another. In such a case, it can be shown that there will necessarily be at least one space between adjacent electrodes on most of the belts or bands, which is abnormally long or short. This will cause one break in the continuous cyclic variation ofcapacitances as mentioned above. It has been found, however, thatl this one break is so slight in its effect that it makes no impression on the hearer, who still gets the impression of a continuous pure tone.l If it, were desirable for any reason to avoid this interruption, it might be done by omitting the sprocket teeth and holes in the bands, simply using pulleys. y

A given band, and each of the stator plates with which it is associated, constitute the two electrodes of one of thevcondensers I to 9 in Fig. 5. Connection to the bands is conveniently made through the sprockets, which may be of metal. 'I'he actual schematic circuit for this mechanical arrangement would then necessarily be slightly different from that of- Fig. l, since one terminal of each condenser, na'mely the band, would be connected to all similar electrodes (bands) on all of the other condensers. This rules out the circuit of Fig. 1, if the mechanical arrangement of Figs. 10 and 10a be employed. If this mechanical arrangement is to be used in'cooperation with the circuit of Figure 1, each group condensers |.to 3, 4 to 6, and I to 9 of Figure 1 is on a separate belt, as 30, in Figures 10 and 10B. 'Ihe pulleys 29 are constructed with a metallic rim and insulating web, and the connections to I0', il', and I 2 are through a brush riding against each rim. This arrangement is not shown in Figures 10 and 10B, because alternative arrangements may not be shown on a single ligure, and because the addition of a drawing is considered superfluous; in the light of the figures and the written description foregoing, the construction will be obvious to one skilled in the art. 'I'he plates 33 are the upper plates of i-9 in Figure 1,

vals with the periphery.. This brush may be simply a phosphor bronze strip. 'I'he metallic portion of the switch 4|v makes connection to volume control 28, Fig. 4, through the shaft on which it is mounted, and the bearings of the shaft. The brush may be directly connected to another point on control 28, so that when the brush and rotating portion make electrical contact, that portion of the volume control which lies between the two points of connection just mentioned, is shorted out. This shunting circuit branch for tremolo purposes may be similarly connected across a portion of coupling element 22 in any of the gures.

In Figs. 10 and 10a, I show means for causing a slight periodic fluctuation of pitch in all of the tones produced by the instrument. Such a fluctuation is sometimes called vibrato. By means of foot-pedal 39, idler wheel 38 may be raised so as to tighten belt 36. The mass 31 is thus set into to-and-fro motion fron the pulley on the shaft of the motor or prime mover 34, through the intermediary of a crank motion. The mass 31 thus periodically absorbs energy from the shaft of the prime mover and causes it to fluctuate in its rotational velocity.

In Fig. 10, belt 36, if tightened, rotates crank shaft 31, thus imparting an oscillatory motion to mass 31 through the intermediary of connecting rod 31h. The mass 31 is constrained to oscillate to and fro .in a straight-line path by the guiding influence of bearing 31.

In the foregoing specication I have assumed a single keyboard and set of stops. In more complicated forms of the invention, a plurality `of manual or pedal keyboards and sets of stops could be provided, either all within the reach and control of a single musician, or of several. This would make possible, for instance, the simul taneous playing of one part of a composition, perhaps the melody, on one keyboard and with a given tonal quality, and another part, as the accompanirnent, in a contrasting tonal quality and on another keyboard. The manner of doing this would be quite similar to the manner in which it is now done on a pipe organ. It is possible, by means of electric circuit arrangements which I have devised, but which are not described in this specification, to accomplish this using only a single set of bands and stator plates, like the set described above. Various coupling systems, by means of which the tones normally controlled by one keyboard are temporarily made subject to the control of another, or by means of which the depressing of one key is made to simultaneously sound those normally under the control of other keys on the samekeyboard, are possible with this invention, just as in the case of the pipe organ. The manner of accomplishing this will be apparent to one skilled in the art of organ building.

I have found that the principle of voltage production by variation of capacitance can be applied in a somewhat different manner than that set forth above, and that this modification, and the apparatus for its accomplishment, are particularly useful in lnon-musical applications. This apparatus I illustrate in Fig. 1lb. In this figure, numeral 20| represents a rotating metallic wheel, whose outer surface is a portion of a cylinder. One edge of this surface is bounded by a plane, but the other may be irregular, and of any desired wavy contour. Connection is made to 20| by means of any suitable brush 20! bearing on the rotating member. In order to continuously vary the capacitance of the condenser, the wheel may be rotated unidirectionally by any convenient actuating means, such asshown in Figure l0.

Adjacent to the periphery of the wheel is a stationary scanning instrumentality, in this case a metallic electrode 202. It is turned edgewise' to the wheeel, as shown. Measured in the direction of the axis of the wheel, the electrode is somewhat longer than the width of the wheel,

' measured axially; that is, the scanning instrumentality is extended beyond the wavyedge of the wheel; due, therefore, to the irregular edge on the wheel, the capacitance between wheel and electrode varies as the wheel rotates. In series with the capacitance are connected a source of direct E. M. F. 2|, and a resistor 22.. If the values of resistance and capacitance in the circuit are properly chosen, the current in the circuit, and hence the potential drop across 22 will be the same function of time as the capacitance between 20| and 202. It is only necessary, then,

to cut on the periphery of the wheel any prescribed wave such as I wish to produce in electrical form, connect the circuit as illustrated, and rotate the wheel at the proper speed. As an aid to obtaining this exact correspondence between the wave on the wheel and the wave of current or voltage, it is frequently advantageous to shunt a condenser 5| across the variable one. A circuit fuifllling this requirement of exact correspondence I term a distortionless circuit. It is by no means a foregone conclusion that any input circuit whatever will be distortionless in this sense.

The condensers to 9 in Figure 5 are all in parallel with condenser 5| and with one another, insofar as varying currents are concerned. Likewise in Figure 11b, the wheel condenser 20|, 202 is in parallel with fixed condenser 5|. In either case, the several parallel condensers may be regarded as having a constant component of capacitance Co in parallel with a variable component C1, the latter being such that its average value over a long period of time approaches zero as the period of time approaches infinity. For the exact correspondence mentioned above, that is, for a distortionless circuit, the following conditions must be satisfied: (a) C1 must be small at every instant of time compared with Co, and (b) the reactance of Cn must be small compared with the'resistance of 22 for all frequencies witlivvarying capacitance Cr is a function of time which, however irregularly it varies, can theoretically be analyzed by Fourier Series or Fourier Integral methods into the sum (or integral) of a large number of periodic functions of time. For an accurate representation of Cr, certain of these functions are essential, and certain of them contribute little to the accuracy. In the term essential range I mean to comprehend all those frequencies lessential to represent Ci to a given degree of accuracy.

If, in Figures 5 and 11b, part 22 represents an unvarying impedance, small compared with the reactance of Co at all frequencies in the essential range, or if C1 is at all times small compared with Ce, or if both conditions obtain, then the varying currents in the circuit will be substantially those which would flow in what I. term the equivalent linear circuit; viz., in a circuit consisting of impedance 22, a capacitance Co, and a source of E. M. F.. e. in series where and where E is the difference of potential which would exist across the varying condenser if, for the moment, its capacitance were held constant at a value Co. Since E' and Co do not vary with time, and since Ci does vary, e varies in strict correspondence with C1. This E. M. F., e, then, may be regarded as acting to produce a flow of varying current havingthe same component frequencies as has C1. Since the circuit does not have zero reactance, in general, for every one of the component E. M. Fis which caused them, the current is not in general an exact copy of the capacitance variation; that is, the circuit is not a distortionless one. It is only in the ease, as above stated, when 22 is a pure resistance,

. large compared with the reactance of Co, that paragraph obtains in a' circuit, that circuit is u solved in terms of an equivalent linear circuit,

a linear circuit being one having xed impedances.

To make the circuit of Figure 1 quasi-linear,

some benefit as regards suppressing musically objectionable harmonics may be had by shuntingl a condenser across resistor 22 in the manner of condenser 5I across 22 in Figure 5 and Figure 11b. However, a condenser in such a location in Figure 1 is not as effective as in the two above mentioned figures, due to the presence of condensers or resistances I3' to I8' which decouple it materially from condensers I to 9. It is preferable to increase the xed component, Co, of capacitance of each of condensers I to 9 individually relative to the variable component, Ci, of each, and soto render the input network quasi-linear with respect to each acting individually.

The high-frequency input' circuit I0, 22, 23, 26 of Figure '4 may also be quasi-linear. The condition for quasi-linearity here is that the change in the impedance of 23, at any of the frequencies in the essential range, be small compared with the total impedance of the circuit. The solution -may be accomplished interms of an equivalent linear circuit by known methods.

The reason why a quasi-linear circuit is desirable for most applications of my invention is that, if the circuit is definitely non-linear due to 22 being too great or'Ci being too great relative to Co, then frequencies will appear in the E. M. F. across 22 which were not present in the capacitance variation, a result which is usually objectionable, especially in musical applications. Referring to Figure 1lb for illustration, if it should prove that a circuit like that shown was not suiciently linear, one would have three recourses; (a) reduce the impedance 22 external to the two condensers, or (b) increase the xed shunt capacitance 5I, or (c) reduce the magnitude of the capacitance variations in 20|, 202. Any'of these measures will in general also reduce the varying voltage passed on to the amplifier or other work circuit. In the interest of linearity, it is generally advisable 'to avoid approximating a resonance condition in the circuit for any audio frequency in the'band to be used, since such resonance will tend tostress the harmom'c having approximately its resonant frequency.

' In the circuitof Figure 4, using a high-frequency source it is also sometimes advisable to avoid marked resonance at any frequency in the neighborhood of that of the source, for such a circuit is critical, and moreover the curve relating capacitance and high-frequency admittance is sharply curved in the neighborhood of resonance, as is well known. This curvature has the power to cause non-linear distortion. Themore nearly linear the curve relating capacitance and root-mean-square high-frequency current, the less the distortion. It is to be understood `that the distortionless circuit is a particular case of the quasi-linear circuit.

If I wish to reproduce in electrical form 'small waves on the wheel which are comparable in tangential dimension with the thickness of the stationary electrode (this thickness also, to be measured in a tangential direction) it may be desirable to place around electrode 202 a shield or guard 203. This shield is insulated from electrode 202 by meansof air spacing or of the insulating solid material 204. It is to be noted that the insulating material 204 is so disnected to one or the other end posed that it is substantially free from shifting electrostatic ux, the ux in 204 having been virtually fixed by the guard. 'I'he shieldis conof the battery 2I, as shown by the dotted connections, and hence serves to conne the electrostatic field quite closely to the adjacent faces of wheel and electrode. The principle is' quite like that of the "guard-ring used in certain laboratory measurements of electrostatic capacitance of cables, and the like. This principle is here illustrated in connection with the irregularly shaped wheel. It is to be understood, however, that it has application to means as herein described for producing sinusoidal or other periodic waves such as the means illustrated in' Fig. 10. Its mode of application to these will be apparent by analogy with its use in Figure 11b.

The varying voltage produced by this device can be used in a variety of ways which will be apparent to one skilled in the art. It may, for example, be applied to an amplier as are the alternating voltages in the foregoing gures.

Rather than being cut into the periphery of a wheel, the irregular edge which causes alterations in capacitance may in certain forms of the device be cut into a belt or tape of metal. This tape may be endless, or not,.according to the use to which it is to be put. It is evident that the wave of voltage or current produced need not bev periodic, for a given point on the wheel, tape, or belt need pass the electrode only once. In this form, then, the invention is not necessarily a means of producing periodic or alternating currents and voltages, but may produce currents and voltages varying in a very complex manner indeed. Nevertheless, it will not be dicult to determine how to cut the irregular edge to arrive at a given desired law of current .and voltage variation, 'for there may be exact correspondence between the shape of the edge andthe shape of electrical'change resultant.

Another actuating means for continuously varying the capacitance of the condensers which has the advantage of great simplicity is described below. One electrode of each condenser may be a fixed metallic plate, and the other a strongly resonant vibratile member, such as a reed or a tuning fork, or a bell, or a bar, or a tube, all

common in musical applications. If this latter member be given impulses by electrical or mechanical means, at intervals which are not too great, it will be kept in continuous vibration at its'own natural 'frequency or frequencies. Its amplitude will, of course, die out slightly between impulses, but with proper arrangements, its motion vmay be regarded for all practical vpurposes as periodic. 'Ihe amplitude of capacitance variation may be adjusted within limits by altering the distance between movable and xed plates, the areas of the two adjacent to each other, and the magnitude of the impulses received by the vibratile member, while the alternating voltages `which theyv produce may be varied, for timbre-control purposes, by proper 'selection of the direct exciting E. M. Fis, and by means of series impedances, as above described. Preferably, each vibratile member will'describe an approximately simply harmonic motion, and there free reed, similar to that in the reed organ, and

arranged to be vibrated pneumatically, as in the reed organ. Part 80 is the frame of the reed, and 8| is a strongly resonant vibratile tongue. The end of the tongue 8| may be bent to form the electrode 82, or 82 may be a separate piece 'associated with the tongue 8| by means of solder, rivets, or any suitable linkage whereby the vibrations of the tongue are communicated to the movable part 82. Part 83 is a fixed electrode distinct from 82, suitably insulated therefrom, and separated from it by a thin airgap. As 82 vibrates, the effective area of electrodes 82 and 83 and/or the effective airgap between them varies periodically, and the capacitance between the two varies accordingly. Attached to the part 82 and insulated therefrom by the insulation 84 is the guard electrode 85. The guard electrode 85 is connected through the wire 86 to one terminal of the source 2|. Attached to the fixed electrode 83 and insulated therefrom by the insulation 81 is the guard electrode 88. The guard electrode 88 is connected by the wire 89 to one terminal of the source 2|. Parts 24 and 25 of Figure 12 are respectively an amplifier and a sound translating device. The remaining reference numerals of Figure 12 designate the same circuit elements as do those of Figure 6b, and

these elements operate in the same manner.

The vibratile members may be set in vibration by mechanical means such as single or repeated strokes with hammers or bowing as in the violin. Or by means of magnetic impulses, in which case the members would have to be ferromagnetic material or else carry an electric current, in a magnetic eld so that the necessary electromag.- netic reactions could be brought to bear on them or else be attached to such elements. An inexpensive and simple means of impulsing them is to fix, adjacent to the vibratile members, stationary electrodes in addition to those mentioned above. A periodic potential difference applied between these and the vibratile members will set up electrostatic forces sumcient to set them into vibration, damped or undamped.

Condensers to 9 and others whose capacitances are caused to vary by mechanical means, may have a xed element, plate or electrode and a movable element, plate or electrode caused 'to move relative to the fixed member by a movement of translation, reciprocation or rotation, through the agency of a motor or any other actuating means.

Since the capacitance of a condenser may be varied by. altering the distance between its electrodes as well as by varying their dimensions, the working surfaces of the electrodes need not be portions of planes or of cylinders, but may be so formed or configured that as they move in relation to each other, their active portions approach or recede from each other. They might therefore be corrugated in form, for instance. The capacitance of a condenser is also a function of the dielectric between its electrodes. Hence the dielectric may be of variable width or thickness or dielectric constant from point to point, and it may move relative to one or both of its associated electrodes. lAll of these variants are comprehended within the scope of my invention.

The foregoing description of the wheel-type condenser of Figure 11b illustrates the possibility of precalculating the law of capacitance variation as a function of time, provided:

(a) The fringe flux is smalll compared with the main flux, which extends straight across from electrode to electrode,

(b) All dielectric material and insulation is free from shifting flux within it,

(c) The width of electrode 282 is narrower than a half of the length of the shortest wavelength in the wavy edge of 20|, and preferably very much narrower than this,

(d) The angular displacement of 20| for each instant of time is known.

These conditions being satisfied, the condenser capacitance can be calculated by the well-known formula for a parallel plate condenser. This formula shows that the capacitance is directly proportional to. the product of the area of the dielectric, the dielectric constant, and the reciprocal of the separation between plates. If the plates or, the lines of force are not strictly parallel, or if the dielectric is non-homogeneous (as when it is composed partly of air and partly of a solid), some correction must be made. That is, an effective area, an effective dielectric constant, or. an effective separation should be used in the formula. Only in an ideal case are effective and actual values equal. The same principles of calculation apply, regardless of which of these three effective quantities is or are varied. Regardless of whether the effective value -of one of these quantities is or is not exactly equal to the actual value, it may still be considered that such an effective value can be arrived at either by calculation or by experiment, and that its use in the formula will give the correct value for capacitance.

In all Condensers embraced by my invention, there is an actuating means, such as the wheel of Figure 11b, or the belt of Figure 10, to which a part of the condenser is attached, and by which A tionship is expressible by a differential equation,

as is well known. If this equation is other than a linear one with constant coemcients, the effective quantity is said to be anon-linear function of the displacement of the actuating means.

In the interest of easy design of a condenser like those of Figures 10 and 11b, it is very advantageous to make the effective width (dimension in the direction of relative plate motion) narrow compared with a half wavelength on the wavy edge,` for in such case the edge need merely have theshape of the desired function which the waveform of capacitance isto follow. To this end, it is often necessary to control the fringing by shield or guard electrodes as above contemplated. If the circuit of the condenser is a distortionless one, as described elsewhere herein, the current will be proportional to Cl for every instant of time. If it is a quasi-linear one, the current will vary in accordance with the capacitance; that is, there is an exact and definiteA relationship between the two, though this strict instant-to-instant proportionality is not necessarily present.

Many of the details of my invention are applicable to other forms of the parts with which they are associated. For example, a plurality of wheels, one for each fundamental, may carry fln-like electrodes similar to electrodes 3| on the tinct parts, of a plurality of sinusoidal alterations with subsequent synthesis of these in an electric circuit. For it is evident that the variation of capacitance' may follow a certain law as a function of time for a limited period and then, before this variation has begun to repeat itself, the moving part of the apparatus may be stopped or electrically isolated. vOne way -of producing av capacitance change which is non-periodic and/or not the result of synthesis in individual sinusoidal componentsis illustrated in Fig. 11b. Except in very limited instances, however, I prefer the periodic and synthetic means for voltage generation, as earlier described.

Where the claims include a source of electromotive force, potential, or current, I do not confine myself to a single source, since it is obvious that separate polarizing or exciting sources may be used for the several condensers.

Where the claims includes selectors, means for selecting, or the like, I mean to include couplers, stops, keys, or similar instrumentalities, except as further limited by the language of the claim.

In those claims which include, means for producing variations of current,y voltage, electromotive force or potential, or means for varying a capacitance, current, electromotive force, or potential or which include similarly worded phrases, I meansto cover frequencies or waveforms corresponding to different notes of any musical scale or system of temperaments, overtones or other frequencies, or waveforms, periodic or non-periodic, musical or non-musical, except where the claims are limited by their terminology, and two or more of these of like or unlike frequencies or waveforms may be combined by selectors as above defined.

In the claims, where I refer to continuously varying, continuous variation, continuously moving, or the like, I mean to imply that the motion or variation is not started and stopped by selectors in the act of selecting tones, timbres, sounds, condensers, or sources, but that it continues in any actuating part, source, or condenser when the device as a whole is in use. independently of whether that particular part, source, or condenser is in use for voltage production or not and that selection, if any, is effected by establishing electric connections to a source, or condenser.

Except when further limited, as by the word conductively or the like, where the claims specify means for establishing electric circuit connections'or include similar phrases, I do not mean to be limited to devices which make electrical contacts such as a switch. Such devices may bring electrical parts into inductive relationship as in part (i5-ll or may be otherwise inductive, and the electrical influence through such selectors may be via a solid or fluid path.

No claim is made herein to any element in the eld circuit of an alternator, or the lamp-exciting circuit of a photoelectric device.

In the claims in which I use the term network" or circuit, I means to cover all conduc-l tors, or electrical networks, however complex,

(except where limiting words such as series are included) in which there can be an appreciable transfer of electric charges by metallic, galvanic, ionic, or electronic conduction; I mean to cover also such instrumentalities as condensers, transformers, and gaseous, vacuum, and

photoelectric tubes, in which the airgaps are so short as to connect the adjacent parts through electrostatic or magnetic induction. The terms are to distinguish from airgaps through which only an infinitesimal portion ofthe current can be transmitted and from those in which energy transfer occurs chieflyy by electromagnetic radiation, as in wireless transmission.

Whenever, in the claims, I refer to a source of polarizing or exciting electromotive force, or the like, unless further limited, I mean to specify a source whose internal impedance and electro motive force are either substantially invariable, or else vary periodically at a rate above or below audibility. Thecurrent in such a source may, however, vary at an audible rate in response to the variations in impedance of the external circuit connected t it.

The drawings and description illustrate and describe what I now consider to be preferred forms of the device for production of musical tones or oi alternating currents or electromotive forces, by way of illustration only, while the broad principle of the invention will be defined by the appended claims. In these claims, where reference is made to an instrument for producing alternating electric currents and voltages or where some similar phrase is employed, it isv not to be inferred that the production of alternating electric currents and voltages is the ultimate purpose of the instrument referred to. The ultimate purpose may, for example, be the production of musical sounds.

In the claims, where a part ls described as moving relative to another part, it is to be understood that either or both of the parts referred to may be in motion relative to other portions of the device such, for example, as its supporting base or framework. Relative motion between the two parts is the essential feature.

What I claim is:

1. A device for originating any prescribed waveform, comprising a condenser and actuating means for continuously varying the capacitance of said condenser in accordance with said Waveform.

2. An electrical musical instrument for originating substantially sinusoidal waveforms translatable into sound, comprising a plurality of con-y densers, and actuating means for continuously varying the capacitance of each of said condensers by continuous unidirectional relative motion between parts thereof; the'design of each of said condensers and the rate of said motion being such that the capacitances of said condensers vary substantially in accordance with sinusoidal waveforms and at harmonically related frequencies.

3. An electrical musical instrument for originating substantially sinusoidal waveforms translatable into sound, comprising a plurality of condensers, and rotary actuating means for varying the capacitance of each of said condensers by relative motion at a substantially uniform rate between parts thereof; the design of eachof said condensers being such that the capacitances of said condensers'vary substantially in accordance with sinusoidal waveforms and at harmonically related frequencies.

4. -A device for originating waveforms translatable into sound, comprising a plurality of condensers each having two terminals, actuating means for continuously varying the capacitances of said condensers in accordance with said waveforms, a source of polarizing electro-motive force for said condensers, a coupling element having a pluralityv of terminals, and means for selecting 75 said condensers and for completing circuit branches between a terminal of said element and a terminal of one of said condensers, the terminals connected' to said branches being other.

variable capacitance adapted to vary thenegative reactance in said network, actuating means for varying the capacitances of said condensers in accordance with said waveforms by imparting to parts thereof continuous unidirectional relative velocities appropriate to the production of an even-tempered musical scale; a source of electromotive force for polarizing said condensers, a vacuum-tube system adapted to receive current from said condensers and network, a soundtranslating device adapted to receive current from said system, a group of timbre selectors, and a group of variable impedance pitch selectors; condensers of each of said groups of condensers having frequencies of capacitance variation which are multiples of a common base frequency and difierent waveforms; said pitch and timbre selectors cooperating to determine the pitch, timbre, and

magnitude of each of the tonal components present in the sound emitted by' said translating device.

6. A device for originating a prescribed waveform, comprising a condenser, actuating means for continuously varying the capacitance of said condenser in accordance with said waveform, a vacuum-tube system, an input circuit for supplying to the input terminals of said system an electromotive force translatable into sound, a source of supersonic potential for polarizing said condenser, and a coupling element for coupling said circuit and said system; said circuit including said condenser, said source, and said element in series 'with one another.

'7. A device for originating a prescribed waveform of electric current, comprising a condenser and actuating means for continuously varying the capacitance of said condenser in accordance with said waveform by unidirectional relative motion between parts thereof; said capacitance being a periodic function of time analyzable into a constant component and a plurality of harmonically related sinusoidal components. 8. A device for originating a prescribed waveform of electric current, comprising a condenser and actuating means for continuously varying the capacitance of said condenser in accordance with said waveform; said capacitance being a periodic functionof time analyzable into a constant component and a plurality of harmonically related sinusoidal components; said actuating means varying said capacitance by producing rotation of parts of said condenser relative to other partsthereon 9. A device for originating any prescribed waveform, comprising a condenser, an electrode in said condenser, an element in said condenser, and actuating means for moving said element unidirectionally relative to said electrode, whereby the effective area of said electrode is continuously varied.

10. In a device for originating a prescribed waveform of electric current, comprising a condenser, an electrode in said condenser, an element in said condenser, and actuating means for moving said element unidirectionally relative to said electrode, whereby the eiective area of said electrode is continuously varied; said capacitance being a periodic function of time analyzable into a constant component and a plurality of harmonically related sinusoidal components.

11. An electrical musical instrument comprising a condenser and actuating means for varying the capacitance and the effective area of said condenser in accordance with a substantially sinusoidal function of time; said condenser having an electrode of wavy contour; said condenser having also a plurality of scanning instrumentalities adapted to move at a uniform speed relative to said electrode, spaced at a distance apart equal to an integral multiple of the wavelength 'of said wavy contour, and adapted to sequentially scan said electrode.

12. An electrical musical instrument comprising a condenser and actuating means for varying thegcapacitance of said condenser in accordance with a prescribed waveform; said condenser having an electrode of wavy contour and a straightsided scanning instrumentality adapted to be moved relative to said electrode by said actuating means and to recurrently scan said electrode.

13. A device for originating a prescribed waveform, comprising a quasi-linear circuit, a condenser of variable capacitance in said circuit for varying the negative reactance therein, and actuating means for continuously varying the capacitance of said condenser in accordance with said waveform.

14. A device for originating waveforms translatable into sound, including v'means for producing audio-frequency electric currents by mechanical motion between parts thereof, actuating means for maintaining said motion, and an electrical network having output terminals and a shunt branch and being fed by said first means; said branch having a negative reactance and being adapted for by-passing audio-frequency components of current and for thereby reducing the magnitude of musically objectionable harmonic currents set up by said first means across said terminals.

15. A deuice for originating a prescribed waveform, comprising a quasi-linear circuit, a variable condenser in said circuit for'varying the negative reactance therein, an impedance other than said condenser in said circuit,'a source of electrometve force for impressing electric charges upon electrodes of said condenser, and actuating means for imparting relative motion to parts of said condenser, thereby varying its capacitance; parts of said condenser being shaped according to patterns prescribed by said waveform, by the relative positions of said first-named parts at successive instants of time, and by the characteristics of said impedance.

16. A device for originating a prescribed waveform, comprising a quasi-linear circuit, a plurality of condensers of variable capacitancee in said circuit for varying the negative reactance therein, and actuating means for continuously varying the capacitance of said condesersin accordance with said waveform.

17. A device fcr originating a prescribed waveform, comprising a quasi-linear circuit, a plurality of condensers of variable capacitance, actuating means for continuously varying the capacitances of said condensers in accordance with prescribed waveforms, and means for selecting said condensers and for imposing their combined effect upon said circuit to produce said rst Waveform.

. l18. A device for originating a prescribed waveform, comprising a quasi-linear circuit, a plurality of condensers of variable capacitance, actuating means ior continuously varying the capacitances of said condensers in accordance with prescribed waveforms, and a single electrical means for selecting said condensers and for sequentially imposing their effects upon said circuit so as to vary the negative reactance therein l oi said condenser in accordance with said waveform, an electrical amplier connected to said circuit, and a sound translating device connected to said amplifier.

21. A device for originating a prescribed waveform, comprising an input network, a portion of which network has a capacitance which varies as a function of time; said capacitance characterized by the fact that its variations are small compared with its xed component of capacitance, whereby quasi-linearity is obtained.

22. A device for originating a prescribed waveform, comprising an electric circuit, a condenser of variable capacitance in said circuit for varying the negative 'reactance therein, and actuating means for continuously varying the capacitance of said condenser in accordance with said waveform, anda fixed condenser in said circuit for rendering said circuit quasi-linear. 23. A device for originating a prescribed waveform, comprising'an input network, means for producing audio-frequency electric currents by mechanical motion between parts thereof, actuating, means for maintaining said motion, an

amplifier, and a coupling device for coupling said network and amplifier; said vnetworkhaving a branch of negative reactance shunting said-coupling device, whereby relatively high audio-Aire? quency components of current in said coupling device which are musically objectionable maybe reduced.

24. An electrical musical instrument for originating waveformsV of electric current translatable into sound, comprising an electrical network, a plurality of condensers of variablecapacitance, actuating means for continuously. varying the capacitance of each of said condensers substantially in accordance with a sinusoidaly waveform by maintaining continuous unidirectional relative motion between parts of each of said condensers, and a plurality of means for selecting saidv condensers and for imposing their combined leffects upon said network.

25. A device for originating'waveforms of varyv ing electric current translatable into sound, comprising an input network, a plurality of condensers of varying capacitance in said network for producing such current, actuating means for producing relative rotation between parts of said condensers, an amplifier having input terminals, a coupling element coupling said network and said terminals, and a. plurality of circuit branches in said network conductively connecting one terminal oi' each of said condensers to said coupling element and adapted to conduct said translatable current between said ,terminal and said coupling element; each of said branches including in series an impedance element and one pair of terminals of a multipole selector, the impedance of each of said impedance elements being suiiiciently great to materially limit the current through its branch.

26. A device for originating waveforms of electric current translatable into sound, comprising an input network, a vplurality of sources of such current, actuating means for producing relative rotation between parts of said sources, an aniplifier having input terminals, a coupling element coupling said network and said terminals,

and a plurality of circuit branches in said network conductively connecting one terminal of each of said sources to said coupling element and adapted to conduct said translatable current between said terminal and said coupling element, each of said branches including in series an impedance element and one pair of terminals of a multipole selector, and the impedance of each of said impedance elements being suiiiciently great to materially limit the current through its branch; sources whose hereinbefore n'ientione'dy Aconduct said translatable current between said terminal and said element, each of said branches including in series an impedance element and one pair of terminals of-a multipole selector; sources whose hereinbefore mentioned terminals are connected to separate selectors being connected at their other terminals to a common conductor; said networlrcomprising,` upon closure of selectors therein, a plurality of circuit meshes, each of which meshes contains one of said sources,

at least a part of said coupling element, and one of said impedance elements; the impedance of the impedance element in each of said meshes being materially greater than the impedance of the remainder of said mesh.

28. A variable condenser comprising anelectrode and a scanning instrumentality; said electrode having a surface bounded by a wavy edge; said instrumentality adapted to move relative to said surface, adjacent to said surface, extended beyond said wavy-edge, and having a dimension in the direction of relative motion which is less than substantially half of the length of the shortest wave on said edge which is to be copied in electric form.

29. A device for originating a prescribed waveform, comprising a quasi-linear circuit, a condenser of variable capacitance in said circuit for varying the negative reactance therein, and actuating means; said condenser comprising an electrode and a scanning instrumentality; said electrode having a surface bounded by a wavy edge; said actuating meansmoving said instrumentality relative to said surface, adjacent to said surface, and extended beyond said 'wavy edge; said instrumentality having a dimension in the direction of relative motion which is less than substantially half of the` length of the shortest wave on said edge which is to be copied in electric form.

30. A device for originating a prescribed waveform translatable into sound, comprising a group of condensers of variable capacitance, means for polarizing said condensers selectively, actuating means for continuously moving parts of each of said condensers relative to each other to vary said capacitance, and an electrical network connected to an electrodeof each of said condensers responsive to the varying potentials produced by said condensers; said group comprising electrodes and at least one scanning instrumentality common to all of the condensers of said group; each of said electrodes having a surface bounded by a wavy edge; said instrumentality adapted to be moved by said actuating means relative to said surface, adjacent to said surface, and extended beyond said wavy edge.

3l. A device for originating a substantially sinusoidal waveform, comprising a condenser and actuating means for varying the capacitance of said condenser in accordance with said waveform;

Nsaid condenser having an electrode of substantially sinusoidal contour, said contour embracing at least one complete wavelength, and a plurality of scanning instrumentalities adapted to move at a uniform speed relative to said electrode, spaced at a distance apart'equal to an integral multiple of the wavelength ofsaid sinusoidal contour, and adapted to sequentially scan said electrode.

32. A condenser for producing variable electric current comprising ay belt substantially entirely of conducting material, and an adjacent conducting member; said belt and said member being so configured that, when a potential difference is impressed between them and there is relative motion between them, a variable capacitance results.

33. A condenser for originating a prescribed waveform, comprising a plurality of electrodes adapted to set up. an electrostatic field around and between them, parts of said condenser adapted to have relative motion, and a guard electrode for modifying said field.

34. A vdevice for originating a prescribed waveform, comprising a quasi-linear circuit, a condenser of variable capacitance in said circuit for varying the negative reactance therein, and actuating means for said condenser; said condenser comprising a plurality of electrodes having an electrostatic field around and between said electrodes, and a guard electrode for modifying said field; said actuating means continuously producing relative motion between. parts of said-condenser so as to vary its capacitance in accordance with said waveform.

35. A variable condenser comprising an electrode, a scanning instrumentality, and la guard electrode; said first electrode 'having a surface bounded by a wavyv edge; saidinstrumentality moving relative to said surface, adjacent to said surface, extended beyond said-wavy edge, and

' having a dimension in the direction of relative motion which is less than substantially half of the length of the shortest wave o n said edge which is to be copied in electric form. A

36. A'device for originating a prescribed waveform, comprising a condenser and actuating means for continuously varying the capacitance of said condenser in accordance with said waveform; electrodes in said condenser, varying electrostatic flux` between said' electrodes, and insulating material in said condenser'so disposed that it is substantially free from shifting electrostatic flux.

37. A device for originating a prescribed waveform, comprising a quasi-linear circuit, a condenser of variable capacitance in said circuit for varying the negative reactance therein, and actuating means for continuously varying the capacitance of said condenser in accordance with said waveform; electrodes in said condenser, varying electrostatic flux between said electrodes, and insulating material in said condenser so disposed that it is substantially free from shifting electrostatic ilux. A

38. A variable condenser and means for continuously actuating said condenser, comprising an electrode and a strongly resonant vibratile member distinct therefrom for varying the capacitance of said condenser.

39. A variable condenser, in combination with means for operating said condenser; said condenser comprising an electrode anda movable part distinct therefrom; said means comprising a strongly resonant vibratile member, and means for communicating vibrations from said vibratile member to said movable part.

40. A device for originating a. waveform of electric current translatable into musical tone, comprising a condenser, actuating means for continuously varying the capacitance of said condenser in accordance with said waveform, a source of electromotive force for polarizing said condenser, an amplifier, electrical means for selecting said condenser and for impressing its effect upon said amplifier, and conductors connecting together in a common network said source,-: on denser, amplifier/'mnd electrical means; said on .denser comprising a stationary electrode and, adjacentvtkiereto, a strongly resonant reed maintained by said actuating means in continuous mechanical vibration at substantially its natural frequency.

41. A device for originating a waveform of electric current translatable into musical tone, comprising a condenser, actuating means for varying the' capacitance of saidA condenser in accordance with said waveform, a source of electromotive force for polarizing said condenser, and conductors'electrically connecting said condenser and source; said condenser comprising a stationary electrode and, adjacent thereto, a vibratile electrode in the form of a strongly resonant conducting reed. f

42. A 'variable condenser, comprising an electrode, a guard electrode, and a strongly resonant vibratile member distinct therefrom for varying the capacitanceof said condenser.

43. A variable condenser, in combination with means for operating said condenser; said condenser comprising an electrode, a movable part, and a guard electrode distinct therefrom; said means comprising a strongly resonant vibratile member, and means for communicating vibrations from said vibratile member to said movable part.

44. A device for originating ya prescribed waveform, comprising a quasi-linear circuit, a condenserof variable capacitance in said circuit for varying the negative reactance therein, and actuating Imeans for continuously varying the capacitance of said condenser in accordance with said waveform; said actuating means comprising a strongly resonant vibratile member. 45. A device for originating a prescribed wave- "A'orm, comprising parts having continuous relative motion between them, driving means for obtaining said motion, and means for superimposing upon said motion an additional componente( motion at a slow periodic rate, whereby vibrato effects are producible.

46. A device for originating a waveform of elec-' tric current, comprising parts havingfcontinuous relative motion between them, driving means for obtaining said motion, and ineans which include a periodically varying mechanical impedance for superimposing upon said motion an additional component of motion at a subaudible frequency, whereby vibrato effects are producible.

47. A device for originating a waveform of electric current, comprising a source of varying electromotive force translatable into sound, said source having electrical circuit elements adaptedA for continuous motion relative to other parts of said source, drivingy means for obtaining said relative motion, and means which present to said driving means a periodically varying load for superimposing upon said motion an additional component 4of motion at a subaudible frequency,. whereby vibrato effects are producible.

48. A ldevice for originatingja prescribed waveform, comprising a condenser and parts thereof, saidl parts having relative motion between them,

driving .means for obtaining said motion, and

l means for superimposing upon said motion an additional component of relative motion at a sl'ow periodic rate, whereby vibrato effects are j -producible.

49. In a device for originating a prescribed waveform: an electrical network; means for producing audio-frequency variations of current in said network; and electrical means in said network for producing variations of impedance therein at a slowperiodic rate, whereby corresponding variations of current result in a tremolo effect.

50, In a device for originating a prescribed waveform: a network comprising an electric circuit, a condenser for varying the negative reactance in-said circuit, and an amplifier; means for producing in said network modulations of current ata slow ,periodic rate, whereby tremolo eilects are obtained; and actuating means for continuously varying the capacitance of said condenser in accordance with said waveform.

5l. A device for originating waveforms which comprises an electrical network anda tremolo actuating means; said network including an input portion and a vacuum-tube system receiving from said portion varying electromotive force trans-- latable into sound; in said portion, means for producing audio-frequency variations of current in said system, and a pair of contacts alternately vopened and closed by said actuating means at a subaudible rate, whereby corresponding variations of current result in a tremolo effect.

52. A device for originating waveforms, including a tremolo-actuating means and an electrical network; said network comprising an input portion, a vacuum-tube system, and a coupling element coupling said portion and the input terminals of said system; said portion including means for producing audio-frequency variations of current therein and a circuit branch shunting atleast a portion of said element and external to said means, whose impedance is varied by said actuating means; the voltage fed to said terminals by said portion being modulated by the variations of said impedance at a subaudible frequency, whereby tremolo eifects are produced in the output of said system.

53. A device for originating waveforms which comprises an electrical network and atremoloand for gradually varying latable into sound; in said portion, a condenser oi!y variable capacitance for producing audio-frequency variations of current in said system, and a circuit branch adapted to produce modulations of said current at a subaudible frequency, whereby tremolo effects are obtained.

54. A device for originating waveforms, comprising an electrical network and sources in said network for producing audio-frequency variations of current therein; said network containing a pair of` electrical contacts alternately opened and closed at a slow periodic rate for the production of tremolo effects upon the variations of current from a plurality of said sources, said contacts when open having impressed across them by said sources a variable potential translatable into sound.

55. A device for originating waveforms which comprises an electrical network and a tremoloactuating means; said network including an input portion and a vacuum-tube system receiving from said portion a varying electromotive force translatable into sound; in said portion, a condenser of variable capacitance for producing audio-fre quency variations ofl current in said system, and a circuit branch having an impedance periodically variable at a subaudible frequency and adapted to produce modulations of said current at the same frequency, whereby tremolo effects are obtained.

56. A device for originating a waveform comprising an electrical network, and means for producing in said network audio-frequency variations of current; in said network a coupling element-and tion of said coupling element.v

57. A device for originating a prescribed waveform, comprising an electric circuit, means for producing` current variations in said circuit, and electrical means for selecting said first means A its effect upon said circuit.v v

58. A device for originating a prescribed waveform, comprising a quasi-linear circuit, a condenser of variable capacitance adapted to vary the negative reactance in said circuit, actuating means for continuously varying the capacitance of said condenser in accordance with said waveform, and electrical means for selecting said condenser and for gradually varying the effect of said condenser upon said circuit.

59. A device for originating prescribed vcomplex periodic waveforms of potential, comprising a plurality of condensers, actuating means for varying the capacitance of each of said condensers by unidirectional relative motion between parts thereof, means for selecting said condensers by establishing electric circuit connections thereto, and an` electrical network wherein electric currents may be caused to ow by said condensers upon operation of the selecting means; the capacitance variation of each of said condensers being substantially sinusoidal; the frequencies of capacitance variation of the condensers of said plurality being substantially integral multiples of a 

